Understanding Termite Swarm Behavior in Early Spring

-Four Seasons Pest Solutions, INC.

06/22/2025

As early as February (but usually not until March), a peculiar phenomenon known as termite swarming occurs. Winter fades into warm weather, and although termites remain active in the cold, they know when it warms up and begin to take note, ready to leave the current colony through their mud tubes and start new ones! For homeowners, this is a crucial time of observance that could save you problems (and money) in the future. In Kentucky, understanding termite swarm behavior in early spring begins with the Eastern subterranean termite (Reticulitermes flavipes), the most common in our state. Understanding swarm behavior can provide valuable insights into the life cycle of these insects and their potential impact on your home, and prompt your attention to termite control efforts.

The Swarming Process

Termite swarming typically occurs on warm, humid days when temperatures reach approximately 70°F (21°C). During this time, mature colonies release winged reproductives, known as alates, to establish new colonies. This event is often triggered by environmental cues, such as increased moisture and temperature, which signal optimal conditions for dispersal and establishment (Su & Scheffrahn, 1998). Regular inspections reduce the likelihood of swarming occurrence inside your home.

Swarming Characteristics

  1. Timing: In many regions, including the eastern United States, termite swarms can be observed from late February through part of June, coinciding with the onset of spring. The exact timing can vary based on local climate conditions.
  2. Appearance: During a swarm, alates emerge in large numbers, often forming a cloud around the parent colony. These winged termites are characterized by their long wings—approximately 1/2 inch in length—and their dark brown to black coloration. After mating, they will shed their wings and seek out suitable locations to establish new nests. You can tell swarming termites from swarming ants by observing a few things:
    • Termites have two pair of wings the same length while ants have two pair of different lengths
    • Termites have a thick waist and no segments while ants have a pinched waist and three body segments
    • Termites have straight antenna while ants have elbowed antenna
  3. Behavior: The primary purpose of swarming is reproduction. Mated pairs will search for suitable substrates (often damp wood or soil) to create new colonies. Their focus during this phase is on finding shelter rather than defending their original colony, making them relatively docile.
Termite swarmers

Termite swarmers outside. Note the straight antenna, equal wing lengths, and single body segment.

Importance of Swarming

The swarming behavior of termites serves several ecological functions. Primarily, it allows for the genetic diversity of termite populations, as mated pairs from different colonies can establish new colonies and potentially reduce inbreeding (Thorne et al., 1999). However, this behavior also poses a risk to homeowners, as swarming indicates the presence of an established colony nearby, and the potential for damages your homeowner’s insurance policy won’t cover.

Signs of Infestation

If you notice swarming termites near your home, it may signify an existing infestation within the structure. Look for discarded wings, as swarming termites will shed their wings shortly after mating. Additionally, the presence of mud tubes, wood damage, or frass can further indicate active termite infestations.

What Four Seasons Can Do For You

Understanding termite swarm behavior in early spring is crucial for homeowners seeking to protect their properties from potential damage. By being vigilant during this season and recognizing the signs of swarming, you can take proactive measures to mitigate the risks associated with termite infestations. If you suspect a termite problem, consulting Four Seasons Pest Solutions is advisable to ensure effective treatment and prevention.

Here at Four Seasons, we know that educating the public can save homeowners the unnecessary burden of expensive termite damage repairs by prompting attention to termites before the damage is done. With your attention focused on the matter, you’ll be more inclined to take preventative measures like our Sentricon total colony elimination plan. Then you’ll understand what everybody means when they say, “It’s good to have Four Seasons on your side!”

References
  1. Su, N. Y., & Scheffrahn, R. H. (1998). “A Review of the Termite Subfamily Reticuliterminae (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae).” Sociobiology, 32(2), 277-305.
  2. Thorne, B. L., et al. (1999). “Reproductive Behavior of the Termite Reticulitermes flavipes.” Insectes Sociaux, 46(3), 267-274.